The automotive market predominantly features vehicles with conventional internal combustion engines (ICE), allowing for quick refueling with gasoline or diesel. However, the past decade has seen an increase in battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) connect to the electric grid for power, requiring a socket-to-outlet connection for recharging. Full EVs solely rely on electricity as a power source, while PHEVs have an additional internal combustion engine (ICE). Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are also BEVs, but instead of plugging in, they convert hydrogen fuel into electricity to power their electric motors. FCEVs are refueled at pumps similar to traditional gasoline or diesel stations. This marks a shift from traditional refueling methods to diverse charging options for various electric vehicle types.
Charging station types fall into three categories
Level 1 charging employs standard 120-volt outlets, commonly found at homes, suitable for most Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) that recharge overnight. However, Electric Vehicles (EVs) find Level 1 charging less efficient, providing 2 to 5 miles of range per hour based on a typical 3 to 6 kW wall socket output. Level 2 chargers, using 240-volt outlets, are prevalent at public stations and recommended for home installation with faster charging times, delivering a minimum of about 24 miles of range per hour. PHEVs can recharge in a few hours, while EVs typically require 12 hours or more. Level 3 chargers, including Rapid chargers, DC fast chargers, and Tesla Superchargers, can replenish an EV's battery to 80% capacity within an hour, offering a swift charging solution for electric vehicles.
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